The Basic Principles Of seed supreme

Many growers 1st acquire to your passion as they get tired of providing a lot of their paycheck on the neighborhood dispensary. When you’re a type of cannasseurs that received into developing green to save some environmentally friendly, then glance no more than Seeds Supreme.

The Global Seed Vault has a number of principles about donations and seed retrieval. First, they only choose donations which have been Portion of the Multilateral Program, which is Element of a global treaty on meals sources, or seeds that have originated inside the region in the depositor. 

Even though buying up strains you’ve heard about just before is undoubtedly an alternative, inside our feeling, the real explanation to take a look at Cookies will be the strains you haven’t. The workforce at Cookies is constantly cooking up new, special strains that push the boundaries of cannabis cultivation.

soil seed bank, organic storage of seeds inside the leaf litter, about the soil surface area, or within the soil of many ecosystems, which serves to be a repository for that manufacture of subsequent generations of vegetation to help their survival. The term soil seed bank

Preservationist seed banks: These seed banks mostly purpose to preserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated plant species.

Seeds saved at the bank could possibly be owned from the collectors or even the curators, and also the owner can have the ultimate say on using the seeds.

Nonetheless it’s not all about thoughts-melting cannabis designed to knock your socks off. While using the rising focus on the therapeutic and medicinal Homes of this incredibly flexible plant, it goes without the need of saying that our shelves are stocked with an enormous assortment of high CBD strains conveniently gathered below one particular roof.

Seed banks are neither initiatives, which are short-time period by nature, nor museums holding musty seeds in curio cabinets, claimed speakers seed supreme in a new GLF Reside. Instead, they have to have frequent servicing to preserve and use the planet’s crop range – not for five years or for 50, but in perpetuity.

Premium feminized seeds are developed with remarkable new feminizing tactics and progressive multi-phase breeding plans. The result is incredibly high quality feminized cannabis seeds that are dependable, successful and a hundred% secure.

In some cases called the "doomsday vault," the Svalbard World Seed Vault is noticed as humanity's final hope in opposition to extinction after a entire world disaster. Although its mission is to maintain the entire world's seeds Secure, its creation wasn't meant as a method to reseed the globe after a globe-scale disaster. 

In concept, seeds saved in these vaults can stay dormant for hundreds or simply click here 1000s of many years, based on the species. Nothing such as this has actually been tried just before while, so these predictions can only be according to designs.

Due to that they had to make sure the defense from the grains all year about. The Genebank aims to gather and conserve the seeds of Australian crop wild species, that aren't but adequately represented in current collections.

AK-47 quick version helps you to bang out your rising seed supreme aims in half time. Opposite to its name, it’s the final word fantastic time toke with that outdated-university dank flavor and mood-boosting buzz. 

In case you aren’t confident wherever to seed bank start out, look into on a monthly basis’s highlighted breeder. You can be certain whoever earns the SeedsHereNow spotlight is properly worth your time and energy.

Getting My How do I make my azalea bonsai bloom To Work

 

 

 

Repotting Azalea Bonsai


This plant is frequently a Spruce, it could be about five several years aged, and we bought it inside of a again back garden Centre for 20 lbs. Within this certain Motion picture I am going to educate you how for making a bonsai from this plant. Next pruning, wiring and repotting, this was The end result. Repotting Azalea Bonsai

The resources we're going to be working with involve things such as a chopstick, a wire cutter as well as a twig shear. When pruning increased branches, we'll utilize a concave cutter. While you are just beginning even though, Be at liberty to make use of any regular pruning shears in its place.

We may additionally use premixed bonsai soil, wire in addition to a pot. Every one of these are provided at specialised bonsai nurseries or on our Web site. All suited, Allow's begin. We dispose of the best layer of soil, so we can easily see specifically where by the main roots clearly show up.

We cautiously elevate the tree from its pot and just take absent unfastened soil using chopsticks. Revealing the region roots by getting rid of the easiest layer of soil, is a crucial Consider deciding upon within the entrance of one's tree.

And determining from the doorway can help us that can help make selections on which branches to prune shortly. Any lifeless branches, dangling development, or useless foliage is diligently taken out using scissors. This primary cleaning will expose the construction to the plant, An extra part that is very important when picking into the front.

Also get rid of any useless branches on The within from the tree. Provided that Now we have cleaned the tree and will begin to see the put the basic principle roots appear, we could make a decision on one of the most effective entrance With all the tree. We also get into account The form and taper during the trunk, as well as place of The real key branches.

 

Repotting Azalea Bonsai


This is actually the front Now We now have picked. The subsequent move is pruning. It is a Revolutionary approach, not sure by rigorous techniques, but the next rules will Allow you to begin: Ideally we desire our at first branches positioned at about just one/three the height Together with the trunk.

Prune branches positioned decrease on the trunk. We also very clear absent branches that cross the trunk line, Specially People blocking our standpoint to the front of your tree. We also prune big upward enlargement. At last, we do away with dangling advancement, to prepare for wiring.

Determining on the look of the bonsai isn't simple, specially any time a tree is as finish and overgrown as this plant. Take a look at to utilize the pruning recommendations we just mentioned to your individual private trees. And any time you are interested To find out more about these tactics, contemplate enrolling in a single of our on the internet bonsai classes.

Right right here, specialist lecturers make clear the pertinent treatments, and you could check with them concerns. For the associated fee-cost-free lesson, head above to: bonsaiempire.com/programs This tree is dense and we are pruning a lot of branches. Simple bonsai format typically commences using a most critical branch throughout the back again about the tree, followed by branches on the edges about the tree.

This sample then proceeds up suitable up right up until the apex around the tree, with branches greater across the trunk slowly chopping down in size. The front is well one of the most open Portion of the tree, as you want to be able to start to begin to see the trunk.

You'll be able to properly and securely prune close to just one/three within your tree's foliage. At this stage We have concluded pruning the tree, and work starts on wiring the branches. As you may see the tree has two trunks. We begin with wiring the scaled-down on the 2, so we have the ability to bend it faraway from the leading trunk and create a a whole lot extra open structure.

Primarily since we're unable to anchor the wire really effectively, we adhere it in the root-mass appropriate in advance of wrapping through the trunk. Future we wire the principle branches, beginning Along with the reduced branches and step by step Accomplishing our way up to the apex.

Endeavor to wire two branches with a person little bit of wire. Involving both equally of those branches It is best to definitely wrap the wire no less than when throughout the trunk for stability. We aim to use the wire at an angle of 45 degrees.

The wire must be thick a good amount of to carry the Division in the desired form once we bend it. A basic guideline will be to make use of a wire of about 1/3 to fifty p.c the thickness in the department you're wiring. Whenever you finish wiring the branches you are able to begin shaping them, moving your way up the trunk in way of the apex from the tree.

We get ready the bonsai pot, suitable in advance of we begin repotting. A bonsai pot should have no less than 1 drainage gap. We connect a mesh to handle this hole with a short piece of wire. At this second it might be early spring, which happens to be the greatest time and Electricity to repot most bonsai.

In case you are trying these approaches out for that 1st time, it might be safer to show up at with repotting till another early spring. This will allow the tree to Recuperate in the pruning and wiring and make sure it regains vigor and stays healthier.

We also prepare an extended wire, In these kinds of scenarios by the two of Those people drainage holes, Which might be made utilization of to connect the tree on your pot. Future we untangle the roots very cautiously applying chopsticks. Do The work your way in the underside for the perimeters of the inspiration more info mass.

Working with scissors we prune extended roots. We are able to prune as many as one/a few within the roots if preferred. Approaching we incorporate some soil within the pot. Spot the tree a bit off-Center from the pot, preserving in mind its front and very potentially by far the most amazing angle for exhibiting it.

 

Repotting Azalea Bonsai


As you will be information with The position, connect the tree for the pot employing the wire we very well well prepared previously. Now we add additional soil. Use chopsticks to be certain all air-pockets are filled with soil. The final action is often to drinking water your tree.

Since we've been concluded styling the tree, we posture it in shade for approximately per 30 days. Sustain an in depth eye across the branches, given that the wires could generate unattractive marks above the branches because they expand thicker. Typically wires have to be taken off in about 3-four months' time.

 
 

How Much You Need To Expect You'll Pay For A Good Organic or Inorganic Bonsai Soils

If you've ever been captivated because of the artwork of bonsai, you may well be pondering if Exclusive soil is needed to cultivate these miniature masterpieces. The answer is Indeed! Special soil is essential for the health and fitness and vitality of bonsai trees.

On this page, we are going to explore the differing types of soil and substrates Employed in bonsai cultivation, which includes natural and inorganic alternatives.

We'll also discover recommended soil mixtures for various bonsai species, such as deciduous, coniferous, and indoor versions. From akadama and pumice to moss and river sand, we are going to dive in the intriguing planet of bonsai soil and help you realize why It can be a significant Portion of cultivating these exquisite trees.

Do You Need Special Soil for Bonsai

Bonsai soil

 

What is bonsai soil?


Bonsai soil is a specialized type of soil that is specifically formulated for growing and maintaining bonsai trees. Unlike regular garden soil, bonsai soil is well-draining and provides the necessary nutrients and moisture balance for the tree's root system. The composition of bonsai soil is carefully designed to meet the unique needs of bonsai trees, ensuring their health and longevity.

 

The importance of bonsai soil


The choice of soil plays a crucial role in the success of your bonsai tree. The right soil provides optimal drainage, allowing excess water to flow freely and preventing root rot. It also promotes a healthy and well-developed root system, which is essential for the overall health and growth of the tree. Bonsai soil retains moisture while allowing air to reach the roots, striking the perfect balance for the tree's needs. Choosing the right bonsai soil is essential for maintaining a healthy and thriving bonsai tree.

 

Bonsai substrates

 

What are bonsai substrates?


Bonsai substrates refer to the different materials that can be used to create the ideal soil composition for bonsai trees. These substrates are carefully chosen to meet the specific needs of different species of bonsai trees and to ensure proper water drainage and nutrient availability.

 

Different types of bonsai substrates


There are various types of bonsai substrates available, each with its own unique characteristics and benefits. Some common bonsai substrates include:

 


  1. Organic materials: These include ingredients such as bark, peat moss, and coconut coir. Organic substrates help retain moisture and provide essential nutrients to the bonsai tree.

  2. Inorganic elements: These incorporate elements like pumice, lava rock, and akadama. Inorganic substrates offer excellent drainage, making sure that surplus drinking water doesn't accumulate round the roots with the bonsai tree.

  3. Soil amendments: These are typically substances which can be included on the soil combination to reinforce its Homes. Examples of soil amendments include perlite, vermiculite, and sand. They Increase the soil's aeration, water-Keeping ability, and nutrient availability.

  4.  

By knowledge the different types of bonsai substrates as well as their properties, you can select the most suitable one particular for your bonsai tree's demands.

 

Natural or Inorganic Soils

 

Organic soils for bonsai


Natural soils for bonsai are composed of organic supplies which include bark, peat moss, coconut coir, and compost. These elements provide a loaded source of nutrients with the bonsai tree and endorse balanced root advancement. Natural and organic soils even have good water retention Houses, guaranteeing that the tree receives sufficient humidity among watering sessions. Having said that, it is vital to note that natural soils may break down after a while and develop into compacted, leading to inadequate drainage and possible root difficulties.

 

Inorganic soils for bonsai


Inorganic soils for bonsai include components like pumice, lava rock, akadama, and soil amendments like perlite or vermiculite. These materials have great drainage Attributes, protecting against waterlogged soil and advertising aeration round the roots. Inorganic soils are favored by quite a few bonsai enthusiasts due to their longevity and skill to provide a steady ecosystem for your bonsai tree's root process. Nevertheless, They might involve more Regular watering and extra fertilization, as they do not maintain just as much humidity or nutrients as organic soils.

 

Pros and cons of employing natural and organic and inorganic soils for bonsai


Picking in between organic and natural and inorganic soils for your bonsai tree is determined by a variety of things, including the certain species of tree, your climate, and private Tastes. Allow me to share the pros and cons of every:

Organic and natural soils:

 


  • Execs: Supply nutrients, great h2o retention, market wholesome root improvement.

  • Drawbacks: Might stop working with time, likely for weak drainage Otherwise correctly taken care of.

  •  

Inorganic soils:

 


  • Professionals: Excellent drainage, long-Long lasting, stable atmosphere for roots.

  • Disadvantages: A lot less h2o retention, may need extra Regular watering and fertilization.

  •  

By taking into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of equally organic and inorganic soils, you can also make an informed determination based on the particular needs of your bonsai tree.

 

Soil elements

 

Important parts of bonsai soil


Bonsai soil is usually made up of 3 major elements: grit, organic make any difference, and clay. These components get the job done with each other to produce The perfect soil framework for that bonsai tree's root system.

 


  1. Grit: Grit, like sand or perlite, supplies drainage and aeration while in the soil. It helps stop waterlogging and makes it possible for air to get to the roots.

  2. Organic make a difference: Natural issue, which include compost or bark, supplies nutrients into the bonsai tree. It also helps keep humidity and Enhance the soil's Total structure.

  3. Clay: Clay particles give some h2o retention features and assistance bind the soil together. However, excessive clay may lead to lousy drainage and compaction.

  4.  

 

Purpose of every soil element


Each and every soil component performs a vital part in creating a nicely-well balanced and healthful setting for your bonsai tree's roots.

 


  • Grit: Grit presents the mandatory drainage and aeration inside the soil. It prevents the roots from sitting in stagnant h2o, decreasing the risk of root rot and endorsing Over-all root overall health.

  • Natural make any difference: Natural make a difference offers essential nutrients to your bonsai tree. It aids in dampness retention and contributes to the overall framework of your soil.

  • Clay: Clay particles enable bind the soil alongside one another and supply some water retention capability. However, it is vital to balance the amount of clay to prevent difficulties like weak drainage and compaction.

  •  

By knowledge the roles of each and every soil ingredient, you'll be able to create a well balanced bonsai soil blend that satisfies the particular demands within your tree.

Do You Need Special Soil for Bonsai

 

Recommended Bonsai soil mixtures

 

Common bonsai soil mixtures


There are several common bonsai soil mixtures that have been proven effective for various types of bonsai trees. These mixtures typically consist of a combination of inorganic substrates, organic matter, and soil amendments.

Some of the commonly used bonsai soil mixtures include:

 


  1. Akadama, pumice, and lava rock: This mixture is popular among bonsai enthusiasts for its excellent drainage and water retention properties.

  2. Akadama, lava rock, and organic and natural issue: This mixture brings together the many benefits of inorganic substrates Together with the nutrient-wealthy properties of organic and natural make a difference.

  3. Pumice, perlite, and bark: This mixture supplies great drainage and aeration though retaining some dampness and supplying nutrients.

  4.  

These are definitely just a couple samples of bonsai soil mixtures, and The best mixture will depend on the precise requirements of one's bonsai tree along with your weather.

 

Factors to take into account when picking a bonsai soil combination


When picking out a bonsai soil combination, it is vital to take into account the subsequent factors:

 


  1. Species of bonsai tree: Unique species have distinct dampness and nutrient needs. Study the particular wants of your tree to pick out a soil combination that meets its necessities.

  2. Local climate: The climate you reside in can impact the humidity retention Attributes from the soil. Look at the regular humidity and temperature in your town When picking a soil combination.

  3. Watering behaviors: Your own watering behavior and schedule should really align With all the soil combination you end up picking. Some mixtures need extra Recurrent watering, while others retain dampness for extended intervals.

  4. Spending budget: Some soil elements may very well be dearer than Some others. Look at your spending budget when selecting a soil mixture.

  5.  

By using these elements under consideration, you are able to select a bonsai soil mixture that provides the top escalating circumstances on your tree.

 

Deciduous Bonsai soil

 

Greatest soil composition for deciduous bonsai


Deciduous bonsai trees, which include maple or birch, have certain soil needs to assist their advancement and overall health. The ideal soil composition for deciduous bonsai typically includes a mixture of organic issue, inorganic substrates, and soil amendments.

A encouraged soil more info composition for deciduous bonsai may perhaps include:

 


  • Akadama: Offers good water retention when allowing for drainage. What's more, it releases nutrients gradually with time.

  • Pumice: Encourages aeration and drainage from the soil, protecting against waterlogging.

  • Bark or peat moss: Provides organic subject into the soil, providing nutrients and moisture retention.

  •  

This soil composition ensures that the roots of deciduous bonsai trees obtain the right harmony of moisture, nutrients, and oxygen for optimal advancement.

Do You Need Special Soil for Bonsai

 

Coniferous and Pine soil

 

Ideal soil mixture for coniferous and pine bonsai


Coniferous and pine bonsai trees have specific soil requirements due to their water retention needs and preference for acidic soil. An ideal soil mixture for coniferous and pine bonsai should provide good drainage while retaining moisture and maintaining the desired pH level.

A recommended soil mixture for coniferous and pine bonsai may include:

 


  • Akadama: Provides excellent water retention while allowing for sufficient drainage. It releases nutrients slowly over time.

  • Pumice: Promotes aeration and drainage within the soil, avoiding waterlogged roots.

  • Peat moss: Adds natural and organic make a difference and acidity into the soil, making a great pH level for coniferous and pine trees.

  •  

This soil mixture makes sure that the roots of coniferous and pine bonsai trees receive the appropriate equilibrium of humidity, nutrients, and acidity for his or her unique desires.

 

Akadama

 

Precisely what is akadama?


Akadama is often a variety of clay soil that is definitely widely Employed in bonsai cultivation. It is actually known for its great drinking water retention Attributes, which assure a steady offer of dampness towards the bonsai tree's roots. Akadama is usually prized for its ability to launch nutrients slowly and gradually after a while, offering a reliable source of nourishment for the tree.

 

Advantages of applying akadama in bonsai soil


Making use of akadama in bonsai soil presents a number of benefits:

 


  1. H2o retention: Akadama has Extraordinary drinking water retention properties, permitting it to carry dampness without having starting to be waterlogged. This makes certain that the bonsai tree's roots receive a constant source of water, advertising wholesome growth.

  2. Nutrient launch: Akadama slowly and gradually releases nutrients to the soil over time, supplying a reliable source of nourishment for your bonsai tree. This lowers the need for Repeated fertilization and assists sustain a balanced nutrient profile.

  3. Aeration: Despite its drinking water retention capabilities, akadama also delivers satisfactory aeration towards the bonsai tree's roots. It lets air to get to the root system, protecting against difficulties for example root rot because of deficiency of oxygen.

  4.  

By incorporating akadama into your bonsai soil, you'll be able to make an ideal expanding environment in your tree, ensuring its wellbeing and vitality.

Do You Need Special Soil for Bonsai

 

Lava rock

 

How lava rock benefits bonsai soil


Lava rock is a popular component in bonsai soil mixtures due to its excellent drainage and aeration properties. It is typically used in conjunction with other substrates to create the ideal soil composition for bonsai trees.

The benefits of lava rock in bonsai soil include:

 


  1. Drainage: Lava rock provides excellent drainage, preventing waterlogging and ensuring that excess water flows freely through the soil. This helps prevent root rot and provides a healthy environment for the roots to thrive.

  2. Aeration: The porous character of lava rock permits air to circulate within the soil, furnishing oxygen into the bonsai tree's root technique. Correct aeration is important for wholesome root development and All round tree development.

  3. Longevity: Lava rock is really a sturdy substance that does not break down conveniently. This makes sure that the soil framework remains secure with time, lowering the need for Recurrent soil replacements.

  4.  

Lava rock is obtainable in various sizes and styles, permitting for customization according to the particular requires of one's bonsai tree and soil necessities.

 

Different types of lava rock


You will find differing kinds of lava rock that could be Employed in bonsai soil mixtures, together with:

 


  1. Black lava rock: Black lava rock is really a normally used materials in bonsai soil mixtures. It offers fantastic drainage properties and provides an aesthetic component to the overall presentation with the bonsai tree.

  2. Red lava rock: Crimson lava rock is an additional well-liked choice in bonsai soil mixtures. It offers very similar drainage and aeration Rewards as black lava rock but has a distinct reddish shade that provides Visible desire towards the container.

  3.  

Equally black and purple lava rocks are extensively available and might be very easily included into your bonsai soil combination.

 

Potting

 

Essential strategies for profitable bonsai potting


Potting can be a crucial course of action in bonsai cultivation, mainly because it immediately impacts the wellness and improvement of your tree's roots. Here are some important techniques for effective bonsai potting:

 


  1. Pick the right pot dimension: Find a bonsai pot that allows for root progress when however furnishing a cosy in good shape. Stay clear of pots which are way too big, because they may result in abnormal soil humidity and very poor root development.

  2. Use bonsai wire: Secure the tree in the pot working with bonsai wire to make sure balance. This helps prevent the tree from shifting or turning into uprooted all through watering or potent winds.

  3. Trim and spread the roots: Before potting the bonsai tree, carefully trim and distribute out the roots. This encourages outward development and stops root tangling or root-bound troubles.

  4. Insert mesh screens: Put mesh screens around the drainage holes at the bottom in the pot to avoid soil erosion and ensure right drainage.

  5. Use clean bonsai soil: When potting, generally use fresh new bonsai soil to deliver the necessary nutrients and best growing disorders for the roots.

  6.  

By adhering to these critical recommendations, you may make sure An effective potting approach and market the general wellbeing and advancement of one's bonsai tree.

 

The position of bonsai pots in soil moisture Manage


Bonsai pots Participate in a vital function in soil moisture Handle, immediately impacting the well being and click here advancement of your tree. Bonsai pots are usually shallow and have drainage holes, letting excessive h2o to escape and preventing the soil from getting waterlogged.

The design of bonsai pots promotes evaporation and air circulation, which will help regulate soil dampness concentrations. The shallow depth and broad opening from the pot expose additional floor region of the soil to your air, aiding in moisture evaporation. This helps prevent the roots from sitting in excessively soaked soil, lessening the chance of root rot and also other drinking water-linked issues.

Also, the drainage holes in bonsai pots permit any excess water to flee, preventing waterlogged soil and endorsing aeration within the roots. Good aeration is essential for the health and enhancement of the basis procedure, guaranteeing the bonsai tree gets the required oxygen for growth.

Through the use of bonsai pots designed for powerful moisture Handle, you are able to build a good environment on your bonsai tree's roots and promote its Total health and vitality.

In summary, deciding on the proper bonsai soil is significant to the accomplishment and wellness within your bonsai tree. Knowing the differing types of bonsai substrates, the function of organic and natural and inorganic soils, The important thing elements of bonsai soil, and the varied advised soil mixtures will let you supply the best growing problems for your personal bonsai tree. Whether or not you've got a deciduous or coniferous bonsai, incorporating supplies like akadama and lava rock can increase the soil's drainage and nutrient availability. Additionally, being attentive to potting strategies and utilizing bonsai pots created for humidity Manage will even more aid the flourishing development of your respective bonsai tree. With good comprehending and implementation of bonsai soil procedures, you could enjoy the attractiveness and artistry of bonsai cultivation For several years to return.

Do You Need Specific Soil for Bonsai

Do azaleas make good bonsai Options

A comprehensive guideline to caring for Azalea Bonsai trees. Understand placement, watering, fertilizing, pruning, plus more. Cultivate an ideal Azalea Bonsai.

Learn the artwork of caring for Azalea Bonsai trees using this in depth information.

No matter whether you're a seasoned bonsai fanatic or simply a novice, this article covers all components of Azalea Bonsai treatment, from placement and watering to fertilizing and repotting.

Find out how to build the ideal surroundings for the Azalea Bonsai to thrive, like providing the appropriate quantity of shade and dampness.

Explore strategies such as pruning and wiring to form and preserve your bonsai tree, and learn the most effective soil and pot variety for Azalea Bonsai. With valuable tips on propagation, managing pests and illnesses, and general information regarding the Azalea Bonsai tree, this guidebook is your go-to source for cultivating the right Azalea Bonsai.

Placement


To make sure the health and fitness and vitality of the azalea bonsai tree, it can be crucial to look at its placement. Azaleas prosper in sunny places, but for the duration of the most popular time of your working day in summer season, it is better to deliver some shade. This will likely guard the tree from abnormal warmth and stop the potential risk of sunburn. Moreover, Whenever your azalea is in bloom, it should be protected against large rain and immediate sunlight, as this can cause the flowers to fade and wilt prematurely. Lastly, throughout colder temperatures, it is critical to protect your azalea bonsai from frost and freezing temperatures. It is suggested to maintain the tree in a region where by the temperature does not fall underneath forty°F (-five°C).

 

Watering


Suitable watering is essential for that wellness and nicely-becoming of one's azalea bonsai tree. Azaleas don't want to totally dry out, but they also will not tolerate extreme moisture. It is crucial to regularly Look at the dampness level of the soil in the bonsai pot. When the soil feels dry, you may dunk the root ball in the bowl of water to ensure comprehensive moisture. Additionally, azaleas want a little acidic soil, so utilizing rainwater or a mixture of rainwater and faucet water is right. If applying faucet h2o, contemplate filtering it to eliminate any impurities or abnormal minerals.

Azalea Bonsai Care: A Comprehensive Guide

 

Fertilizing


Feeding your azalea bonsai with the appropriate fertilizer is essential for promoting healthy growth and abundant flowering. During the growing season, it is recommended to use a special azalea or rhododendron fertilizer. There are both liquid azalea fertilizers, which can be used weekly, as well as organic products that can be applied less frequently. It is important to reduce feeding during the flowering period to allow the tree to focus its energy on producing beautiful flowers. Adjusting the dosage or frequency of fertilizing during this time is beneficial.

 

Pruning and Wiring


Proper pruning and wiring techniques are necessary to maintain the desired shape and form of your azalea bonsai tree. Azaleas have a basally-dominant growth pattern, which means that the lower branches grow stronger than the weaker top. This natural growth habit can result in a shrub-like appearance. To counterbalance this, it is advisable to prune the branches harder at the base than at the top, encouraging a more balanced and aesthetically pleasing structure.

After flowering, it is important to remove any wilted flowers and ovaries. This timing is also ideal for other pruning and trimming tasks, as it allows the new flower buds for the next year to develop. Unwanted shoots from the trunk or branches can be removed at any time of the year. However, it is important to note that azalea wood is brittle and prone to breaking, so care must be taken when wiring and bending branches.

Azalea Bonsai Care: A Comprehensive Guide

 

Repotting


Repotting is an essential part of bonsai tree care, as it allows for the renewal of soil and the maintenance of root health. Azalea bonsai trees should be repotted every two years, either in spring or after flowering. When repotting, it is important to carefully prune the thin and matted roots to prevent them from becoming tangled or damaged. Using a lime-free soil, such as Pure Kanuma, is recommended for azaleas. This specific soil type provides the appropriate pH balance and nutrient content to support the tree's growth and development.

 

Propagation


If you wish to propagate your azalea bonsai tree, the most common method is through cuttings. Cuttings can be taken in the spring or summer, depending on the cultivar. The success rate of propagation varies depending on the specific cultivar, but many popular varieties root easily and quickly. To protect young cuttings from excessive evaporation, transparent sheets can be used during the hot months.

Azalea Bonsai Care: A Comprehensive Guide

 

Pests and Diseases


Like any plant, azalea bonsai trees can be susceptible to pests and diseases. Spider mites are a common issue, especially in low humidity environments. It is important to address any spider mite infestations promptly by treating them with a suitable pesticide and improving humidity levels. Vine weevils can also be a problem, as they can eat the leaves and their grubs can cause damage to the roots. Special pesticides or nematodes can be used to eliminate vine weevils and their larvae.

To prevent root rot, which is caused by a fungus, it is important to ensure that the soil is not too wet or compacted. Fungicides can be used to treat root rot effectively. Leaf galls can also occur, particularly in cultivars with plain-colored red and purple flowers. To handle this disease, it is best to remove the galls as soon as they are discovered and protect the azalea from excessive rain.

 

General Information


Azalea bonsai trees are known for their spectacular flowering, which typically occurs in late spring. The flowers come in a variety of colors, shapes, sizes, and patterns, making them a visually stunning addition to any bonsai collection.

To ensure abundant flowering, it is important to time your pruning and fertilizing correctly. Azalea bonsai trees have dark green leaves that vary in size and shape depending on the cultivar. Satsuki and Kurume azaleas are popular choices for bonsai, as they are evergreen and can be kept outdoors. It is worth noting that as azalea bonsai trees age, their branches can become brittle, so it is important to handle them with care.

Azalea Bonsai Care: A Comprehensive Guide

 

FAQs

 


  • How big do azalea bonsai trees get? Azalea bonsai trees can vary in size depending on the specific cultivar and how they are cared for. On average, they range from around 6 inches to 18 inches in height.

  • Is surely an azalea bonsai an indoor plant? Though azalea bonsai trees may be stored indoors briefly for Exhibit uses, they generally choose to be saved outdoors the place they can receive proper daylight and airflow.

  • Just how long do azalea bonsai trees Stay? With right treatment, azalea bonsai trees can Reside for a few years. Some azaleas happen to be recognised to Dwell for many years when offered the suitable disorders and care.

  • In which need to I put my azalea bonsai? Azalea bonsai trees prosper in sunny places with a few shade during the hottest Portion of the day. They must also be protected against weighty rain and Severe temperatures.

  • Just how long does azalea bonsai very last? The lifespan of the azalea bonsai tree may vary dependant upon several variables like care, environment, and genetics. With right treatment, they are able to Reside for a few years and provide enjoyment during their lifespan.

  • Do azaleas make excellent bonsai? Yes, azaleas make superb bonsai trees. Their lively flowers, darkish eco-friendly foliage, and organic progress designs make them a visually hanging choice for bonsai fanatics.

  • Can azalea bonsai develop indoors? Whilst azalea bonsai trees may be stored indoors temporarily, they generally choose to be held outside the place they will get the right daylight, airflow, and humidity ranges.

  • Just how long do azalea bonsai Are living? The lifespan of the azalea bonsai tree will vary based upon several different things. With good treatment, they will Stay for many years and provide enjoyment all over their lifespan.

  • How does one look after an azalea bonsai plant? Caring for an azalea bonsai plant includes providing the appropriate daylight, watering, fertilizing, pruning, and security from pests and illnesses. Adhering to the particular treatment rules outlined in This information will enable make sure the wellness and vitality of one's azalea bonsai tree.

  •  

 

Variations and Procedures


Azalea bonsai trees is often styled and formed employing many different techniques and kinds. Some well-known types and tactics for azalea bonsai contain:

 


  • Cascade: This fashion involves the tree cascading down from its container, developing a graceful and flowing overall look.

  • Pruning: Pruning is essential for protecting the desired shape and method of the azalea bonsai tree. It can help advertise wholesome advancement and also a well balanced composition.

  • Shohin: Shohin is often a sort of bonsai that refers to modest-sized trees. Azaleas may be experienced During this type, creating a compact and fragile visual appeal.

  • Rhododendron: Azaleas belong towards the rhododendron genus, as well as their pure advancement designs may be accentuated and Increased in bonsai kind.

  • Indoor: Whilst azalea bonsai trees are generally held outdoors, they can be quickly exhibited indoors for brief durations. Nonetheless, it is vital to supply them with the appropriate lighting and treatment through this time.

  • Flowering: Azaleas are renowned for his or her gorgeous and vivid flowers. Styling procedures can assist showcase and improve the tree's flowering abilities.

  • Purple: Azaleas come in many different colours, together with shades of purple. These exclusive hues might be highlighted and emphasised in styling attempts.

  • Old: The looks of an old and experienced tree is often accomplished by means of styling strategies like working with aged-wanting containers, making a weathered and majestic overall look.

  • Japonica: The japonica selection of azaleas is a well-liked choice for bonsai as a consequence of its pure progress habits, modest dimensions, and delightful bouquets.

  • Root in excess of rock: This method includes schooling the tree's roots to develop over a rock or other framework, making an interesting and visually pleasing Screen.

  • Nursery inventory: Azalea bonsai trees could be started off from nursery stock, and that is readily available and might be shaped and qualified to develop distinctive and appealing designs.

  • Pink: Pink-flowering azaleas can insert a delicate and feminine contact to the bonsai selection. Styling strategies can enhance and emphasize these sensitive shades.

  • Tree: The tree style is actually a common and timeless option for bonsai. Azaleas may be qualified and styled to resemble miniature variations of full-sized trees, making a visually placing Screen.

  • Australia: In Australia, azaleas are well known options for bonsai because of their adaptability to numerous climates as well as their ability to thrive in outside options.

  • Clump: Clump-fashion azalea bonsai trees feature several trunks rising intently with each other, developing a dense and visually captivating composition.

  • Windswept: The windswept fashion mimics the effects of wind and weather conditions over a tree, developing a unique and dynamic look.

  • Tiny: Azaleas are Obviously compact and small in size, producing them a great choice for smaller-sized bonsai trees.

  • Out of doors: Azalea bonsai trees are generally kept outdoors, in which they could get the right daylight, airflow, and temperature fluctuations necessary for their progress and enhancement.

  • Saotome: The saotome style involves making a one, elongated trunk with branches that step by step taper off, developing a sense of motion and harmony.

  • Kurume: Kurume azaleas are a range of azalea that originated in Japan. These are preferred decisions for bonsai because of their small sizing and vivid bouquets.

  • Yellow: Yellow-flowering azaleas can add a vivid and cheerful contact to the bonsai selection. Styling techniques can enhance and highlight these vibrant hues.

  • Forest: The forest design and style will involve creating a grouping of trees, with Just about every particular person tree serving to be a part of a bigger composition. Azaleas may be used to develop visually stunning forest-type bonsai displays.

  • Semi-cascade: Semi-cascade bonsai trees feature a trunk that cascades partly around the sting of your container, developing a dynamic and visually attractive arrangement.

  • Trunk: The trunk of an azalea bonsai tree could be a crucial focal point. Styling techniques can accentuate and highlight the one of a kind properties and capabilities with the trunk.

  • Massive: Although azalea bonsai trees are In a natural way modest and compact, they can be educated and styled to produce the appearance of a larger and much more mature tree.

  • Proflowers: Proflowers is usually a perfectly-acknowledged on the internet retailer that provides a variety of bonsai trees, together with azaleas. They offer a effortless option for buying and including azalea bonsai trees for your collection.

  • get more info
  • Mame: Mame is really a sort of bonsai that refers to incredibly tiny trees. Azaleas may be properly trained With this type, creating a miniature and fragile visual appeal.

  • Plant: Azalea bonsai trees are living crops that call for care and a focus to thrive. By giving the right situations and following ideal care guidelines, you could benefit from the elegance and class of those stunning trees.

  •  

From the numerous models and tactics accessible, you could create a unique and individualized azalea bonsai tree that reflects your own private creative eyesight and aesthetic Choices. Experimenting with distinctive variations and techniques generally is a gratifying and artistic journey on the planet of bonsai cultivation.

Azalea Bonsai Care: An extensive Guide

What Does Aoki Bonsai soil Mean?

If you've ever been captivated by the art of bonsai, you could be thinking if special soil is needed to cultivate these miniature masterpieces. The answer is yes! Special soil is essential for the well being and vitality of bonsai trees.

In the following paragraphs, we will examine the different types of soil and substrates Utilized in bonsai cultivation, which includes natural and inorganic choices.

We'll also discover recommended soil mixtures for various bonsai species, which include deciduous, coniferous, and indoor versions. From akadama and pumice to moss and river sand, we'll dive into the interesting earth of bonsai soil and assist you realize why It truly is a crucial Portion of cultivating these exquisite trees.

Do You Need Special Soil for Bonsai

Bonsai soil

 

What is bonsai soil?


Bonsai soil is a specialized type of soil that is specifically formulated for growing and maintaining bonsai trees. Unlike regular garden soil, bonsai soil is well-draining and provides the necessary nutrients and moisture balance for the tree's root system. The composition of bonsai soil is carefully designed to meet the unique needs of bonsai trees, ensuring their health and longevity.

 

The importance of bonsai soil


The choice of soil plays a crucial role in the success of your bonsai tree. The right soil provides optimal drainage, allowing excess water to flow freely and preventing root rot. It also promotes a healthy and well-developed root system, which is essential for the overall health and growth of the tree. Bonsai soil retains moisture while allowing air to reach the roots, striking the perfect balance for the tree's needs. Choosing the right bonsai soil is essential for maintaining a healthy and thriving bonsai tree.

 

Bonsai substrates

 

What are bonsai substrates?


Bonsai substrates refer to the different materials that can be used to create the ideal soil composition for bonsai trees. These substrates are carefully chosen to meet the specific needs of different species of bonsai trees and to ensure proper water drainage and nutrient availability.

 

Different types of bonsai substrates


There are various types of bonsai substrates available, each with its own unique characteristics and benefits. Some common bonsai substrates include:

 


  1. Organic materials: These include ingredients such as bark, peat moss, and coconut coir. Organic substrates help retain moisture and provide essential nutrients to the bonsai tree.

  2. Inorganic components: These consist of components like pumice, lava rock, and akadama. Inorganic substrates deliver exceptional drainage, making certain that excess h2o would not accumulate round the roots in the bonsai tree.

  3. Soil amendments: They're substances which have been extra for the soil mixture to reinforce its Homes. Examples of soil amendments include things like perlite, vermiculite, and sand. They Increase the soil's aeration, water-holding potential, and nutrient availability.

  4.  

By comprehension the different sorts of bonsai substrates and their Houses, it is possible to pick the most fitted just one to your bonsai tree's wants.

 

Organic or Inorganic Soils

 

Organic soils for bonsai


Natural and organic soils for bonsai are made up of normal components like bark, peat moss, coconut coir, and compost. These materials give a abundant supply of nutrients with the bonsai tree and advertise healthier root improvement. Organic and natural soils even have great water retention Attributes, ensuring which the tree gets satisfactory dampness in between watering periods. Nonetheless, it is vital to note that organic soils may perhaps break down over time and develop into compacted, leading to bad drainage and potential root difficulties.

 

Inorganic soils for bonsai


Inorganic soils for bonsai consist of components like pumice, lava rock, akadama, and soil amendments like perlite or vermiculite. These materials have exceptional drainage Houses, stopping waterlogged soil and advertising aeration round the roots. Inorganic soils are desired by quite a few bonsai fans due to their longevity and ability to offer a secure environment to the bonsai tree's root program. On the other hand, they may call for more Regular watering and additional fertilization, as they do not keep as much humidity or nutrients as natural soils.

 

Advantages and drawbacks of making use of organic and natural and inorganic soils for bonsai


Choosing in between organic and inorganic soils for the bonsai tree will depend on a variety of variables, such as the specific species of tree, your weather, and private Tastes. Here's the benefits and drawbacks of every:

Organic soils:

 


  • Professionals: Present nutrients, very good h2o retention, market nutritious root improvement.

  • Drawbacks: Might stop working over time, probable for very poor drainage Otherwise correctly maintained.

  •  

Inorganic soils:

 


  • Pros: Exceptional drainage, prolonged-lasting, secure atmosphere for roots.

  • Downsides: Fewer h2o retention, may possibly need far more frequent watering and fertilization.

  •  

By looking at the advantages and disadvantages of equally organic and natural and inorganic soils, you can also make an knowledgeable conclusion based on the particular wants of the bonsai tree.

 

Soil factors

 

Essential factors of bonsai soil


Bonsai soil is typically composed of 3 major elements: grit, organic issue, and clay. These factors do the job with each other to develop the ideal soil framework to the bonsai tree's root system.

 


  1. Grit: Grit, such as sand or perlite, gives drainage and aeration in the soil. It helps avoid waterlogging and makes it possible for air to get to the roots.

  2. Natural and organic subject: Natural make a difference, like compost or bark, offers nutrients into the bonsai tree. Additionally, it can help retain humidity and Enhance the soil's All round framework.

  3. Clay: Clay particles give some drinking water retention features and help bind the soil with each other. On the other hand, an excessive amount of clay can cause poor drainage and compaction.

  4.  

 

Job of every soil element


Each individual soil component plays an important role in creating a well-well balanced and healthier surroundings for your bonsai tree's roots.

 


  • Grit: Grit delivers the necessary drainage and aeration during the soil. It stops the roots from sitting down in stagnant water, lowering the potential risk of root rot and selling Over-all root health and fitness.

  • Organic and natural issue: Natural issue gives important nutrients on the bonsai tree. It aids in moisture retention and contributes to the general framework of the soil.

  • Clay: Clay particles assist bind the soil alongside one another and supply some h2o retention ability. Even so, it's important to balance the quantity of clay to stay away from concerns like weak drainage and compaction.

  •  

By comprehending the roles of each soil part, you are able to develop a well balanced bonsai soil combine that meets the particular demands of your tree.

Do You Need Special Soil for Bonsai

 

Recommended Bonsai soil mixtures

 

Common bonsai soil mixtures


There are several common bonsai soil mixtures that have been proven effective for various types of bonsai trees. These mixtures typically consist of a combination of inorganic substrates, organic matter, and soil amendments.

Some of the commonly used bonsai soil mixtures include:

 


  1. Akadama, pumice, and lava rock: This mixture is popular among bonsai enthusiasts for its excellent drainage and water retention properties.

  2. Akadama, lava rock, and natural and organic matter: This combination brings together the many benefits of inorganic substrates With all the nutrient-loaded Houses of organic subject.

  3. Pumice, perlite, and bark: This combination presents great drainage and aeration whilst retaining some humidity and supplying nutrients.

  4.  

These are just a couple samples of bonsai soil mixtures, and The best mixture will depend on the precise needs of your respective bonsai tree as well as your local weather.

 

Components to look at when deciding on a bonsai soil combination


When picking a bonsai soil combination, it is important to look at the next components:

 


  1. Species of bonsai tree: Different species have various humidity and nutrient requirements. Analysis the specific needs of your tree to pick out a soil mixture that fulfills its needs.

  2. Local weather: The climate you live in can have an impact on the moisture retention properties in the soil. Look at the common humidity and temperature close to you When selecting a soil combination.

  3. Watering habits: Your own watering behaviors and regime must align While using the soil combination you decide on. Some mixtures involve much more Repeated watering, while others retain humidity for for a longer period periods.

  4. Funds: Some soil factors might be costlier than Other individuals. Think about your finances when choosing a soil mixture.

  5.  

By getting these things into consideration, it is possible to go with a bonsai soil mixture that gives the best developing ailments for your personal tree.

 

Deciduous Bonsai soil

 

Ideal soil composition for deciduous bonsai


Deciduous bonsai trees, for instance maple or birch, have distinct soil prerequisites to support their development and overall health. The most effective soil composition for deciduous bonsai generally includes a mixture of natural and organic matter, inorganic substrates, and soil amendments.

A suggested soil composition for deciduous bonsai could include things like:

 


  • Akadama: Offers superior drinking water retention even though letting for drainage. In addition it releases nutrients slowly after some time.

  • Pumice: Encourages aeration and drainage within the soil, stopping waterlogging.

  • Bark or peat moss: Provides organic make a difference towards the soil, giving nutrients and moisture retention.

  •  

This soil composition makes certain that the roots of deciduous bonsai trees acquire the correct equilibrium of humidity, nutrients, and oxygen for exceptional advancement.

Do You Need Special Soil for Bonsai

 

Coniferous and Pine soil

 

Ideal soil mixture for coniferous and pine bonsai


Coniferous and pine bonsai trees have specific soil requirements due to their water retention needs and preference for acidic soil. An ideal soil mixture for coniferous and pine bonsai should provide good drainage while retaining moisture and maintaining the desired pH level.

A recommended soil mixture for coniferous and pine bonsai may include:

 


  • Akadama: Provides excellent water retention while allowing for sufficient drainage. It releases nutrients slowly over time.

  • Pumice: Promotes aeration and drainage during the soil, protecting against waterlogged roots.

  • Peat moss: Adds natural and organic make a difference and acidity for the soil, generating a great pH stage for coniferous and pine trees.

  •  

This soil mixture makes certain that the roots of coniferous and pine bonsai trees acquire the right harmony of dampness, nutrients, and acidity for their particular requires.

 

Akadama

 

Precisely what is akadama?


Akadama can be a sort of clay soil which is commonly Employed in bonsai cultivation. It is actually known for its fantastic water retention properties, which ensure a gentle provide of moisture to the bonsai tree's roots. Akadama can also be prized for its capability to launch nutrients bit by bit after some time, furnishing a constant source of nourishment for that tree.

 

Great things about utilizing akadama in bonsai soil


Using akadama in bonsai soil offers several Positive aspects:

 


  1. H2o retention: Akadama has exceptional drinking water retention Houses, enabling it to carry dampness without the need of turning into waterlogged. This ensures that the bonsai tree's roots get a continual offer of water, promoting nutritious progress.

  2. Nutrient launch: Akadama slowly but surely releases nutrients in the soil with time, supplying a regular source of nourishment for that bonsai tree. This cuts down the need for Recurrent fertilization and can help preserve a well balanced nutrient profile.

  3. Aeration: Despite its h2o retention capabilities, akadama also provides enough aeration for the bonsai tree's roots. It will allow air to reach the root system, protecting against issues for instance root rot resulting from not enough oxygen.

  4.  

By incorporating akadama to the bonsai soil, you can develop an ideal growing ecosystem on your tree, making sure its well being and vitality.

Do You Need Special Soil for Bonsai

 

Lava rock

 

How lava rock benefits bonsai soil


Lava rock is a popular component in bonsai soil mixtures due to its excellent drainage and aeration properties. It is typically used in conjunction with other substrates to create the ideal soil composition for bonsai trees.

The benefits of lava more info rock in bonsai soil include:

 


  1. Drainage: Lava rock provides excellent drainage, preventing waterlogging and ensuring that excess water flows freely through the soil. This helps prevent root rot and provides a healthy environment for the roots to thrive.

  2. Aeration: The porous mother nature of lava rock permits air to flow into within the soil, offering oxygen into the bonsai tree's root method. Proper aeration is essential for wholesome root progress and General tree growth.

  3. Longevity: Lava rock is a sturdy product that does not break down very easily. This ensures that the soil framework continues to be stable after a while, lessening the need for Regular soil replacements.

  4.  

Lava rock is on the market in various sizes and designs, allowing for for customization determined by the precise needs of one's bonsai tree and soil demands.

 

Differing kinds of lava rock


There are differing types of lava rock which can be Employed in bonsai soil mixtures, including:

 


  1. Black lava rock: Black lava rock is often a commonly employed content in bonsai soil mixtures. It offers great drainage properties and adds an aesthetic component to the overall presentation on the bonsai tree.

  2. Purple lava rock: Pink lava rock is another well-liked selection in bonsai soil mixtures. It provides related drainage and aeration Gains as black lava rock but has a definite reddish coloration that provides Visible interest towards the container.

  3.  

Both black and purple lava rocks are commonly readily available and will be easily incorporated into your bonsai soil mixture.

 

Potting

 

Important strategies for productive bonsai potting


Potting can be a essential method in bonsai cultivation, mainly lava rock bonsai soil because it directly impacts the health and improvement from the tree's roots. Here are some important strategies for productive bonsai potting:

 


  1. Choose the proper pot dimension: Pick a bonsai pot that permits for root development whilst nonetheless supplying a snug fit. Avoid pots that are too large, since they may lead to too much soil humidity and lousy root progress.

  2. Use bonsai wire: Safe the tree inside the pot making use of bonsai wire to make sure balance. This stops the tree from shifting or turning out to be uprooted in the course of watering or robust winds.

  3. Trim and unfold the roots: Ahead of potting the bonsai tree, meticulously trim and unfold out the roots. This encourages outward growth and prevents root tangling or root-bound challenges.

  4. Increase mesh screens: Position mesh screens in excess of the drainage holes at the bottom in the pot to forestall soil erosion and assure appropriate drainage.

  5. Use clean bonsai soil: When potting, constantly use refreshing bonsai soil to provide the mandatory nutrients and best developing conditions for your roots.

  6.  

By adhering to these important tips, you can be certain An effective potting method and market the general overall health and development of your respective bonsai tree.

 

The part of bonsai pots in soil moisture control


Bonsai pots Perform a vital function in soil humidity Regulate, immediately impacting the well being and advancement in the tree. Bonsai pots are usually shallow and have drainage holes, allowing for excessive water to escape and preventing the soil from starting to be waterlogged.

The design of bonsai pots encourages evaporation and air circulation, which aids regulate soil humidity levels. The shallow depth and large opening on the pot expose much more surface area location of the soil into the air, aiding in dampness evaporation. This prevents the roots from sitting down in excessively wet soil, lowering the chance of root rot along with other h2o-connected issues.

Also, the drainage holes in bonsai pots permit any excess h2o to flee, blocking waterlogged soil and marketing aeration round the roots. Right aeration is important for the health and progress of the foundation program, making sure the bonsai tree receives the mandatory oxygen for development.

By making use of bonsai pots made for productive moisture Management, you are able to make a good environment on your bonsai tree's roots and promote its Total health and vitality.

In conclusion, picking out the right bonsai soil is important for that success and overall health within your bonsai tree. Comprehending the different sorts of bonsai substrates, the job of natural and inorganic soils, The crucial element components of bonsai soil, and the assorted encouraged soil mixtures can help you give the exceptional growing situations in your bonsai tree. Whether or not you've got a deciduous or coniferous bonsai, incorporating elements like akadama and lava rock can improve the soil's drainage and nutrient availability. On top of that, being attentive to potting techniques and employing bonsai pots suitable for humidity Manage will more help the thriving growth within your bonsai tree. With good being familiar with and implementation of bonsai soil methods, you may take pleasure in the natural beauty and artistry of bonsai cultivation for years to come back.

Do you want Special Soil for Bonsai

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15